What is RETA?
RETA (Régimen Especial de Trabajadores Autónomos) is the social security system for self-employed individuals in Spain. Under the Digital Nomad Visa (Ley 28/2022), foreigners working as freelancers (autónomos) must register to contribute to the Spanish state system.
Why is it needed?
According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Seguridad Social (Ley 28/2022), digital nomads working for themselves must be integrated into the Spanish social security system to maintain legal residency and work authorization. It ensures you are covered for healthcare, retirement, and other public benefits.
The Registration Process
As per Seguridad Social and Agencia Tributaria guidelines:
- Obtain a NIE: You must have your Foreigner Identification Number first.
- Hacienda Registration: Register with the Tax Agency using Modelo 036 or 037.
- RETA Enrollment: Register with Social Security within 60 days of starting your activity.
Required Documents
- NIE/TIE: Proof of legal identity in Spain.
- Modelo 036/037: Proof of tax registration.
- Bank Account Details: For the monthly debit of contributions.
- Digital Nomad Visa/Residence Permit: Proof of your legal status under the Startup Law.
Translation and Apostille
Since these are Spanish domestic procedures, documents issued by Spanish authorities (like your NIE or Modelo 036) do not require translation or apostille. However, if using foreign professional qualifications to prove your status, those may require sworn translation and apostilles during the initial visa stage.
Common Pitfalls
- Deadlines: Failing to register with RETA within 60 days of your start date can lead to penalties.
- Tarifa Plana: New autónomos can benefit from a reduced flat rate of approximately €80/month for the first 12 months; ensure you request this during registration.
- Tax Residency: Remember that spending more than 183 days in Spain makes you a tax resident, requiring you to report worldwide income (Modelo 100).